Michael Tonry is McKnight Presidential Professor of Criminal Law and Policy and Director of the Institute on Crime and Public Policy at the University of Minnesota. He has published a number of books and articles in the US and Europe and taught at the Universities of Cambridge, Lausanne, and Minnesota. He was Professor of Law and Public Policy and Director of the Institute of Criminology at Cambridge University. Previous books on punishment theory and philosophy include Why Punish? How Much? (OUP 2011), Retributivism Has a Past. Has it a Future? (OUP 2011), and Of One-eyed and Toothless Miscreants: Making the Punishment Fit the Crime? (OUP 2020).